Peyote and Native American Culture Essay example -- Botany Biology Res

mescal and Native American CulturePeyote was originally described in 1560, but it was not until the middledle of the nineteenth vitamin C that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). expanse studies have concluded that there are two distinct populations of mescaline which check two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southwesterlyern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and least common of the two species is Lophophora difusa, which occurs in the dryer terrain of the Mexican state of Queretaro. This species differs from the more common species by, being yellowish-green quite an than blue green in color, by lacking any type of ribs or furrows, by having poorly developed podaria (elevated humps), and by being a softer, more succulent plant (Anderson 1980). Native Americans use peyote in their religious practices because of its psychotropic propertie s, and is usually eaten as mescal buttons, the dried, brown pieces of the above part of the cactus (Lewis, 1977). The peyote religion is ancient in its origin and spread from Mexico, North in the mid 1800s at a time when Native Americans were desperately in exigency of spiritual strength and enlightenment, Native Americans were confined to reservations which were overseen by military authority, while numerous of their ritualistic practices and traditions were deemed as illegal. Origin stories regarding the practice of peyote ritual vary, however all encompass a common theme, namely that the Supernatural took pity on those persecuted and communicated spiritually to the Native Americans through the journey experienced while under the chemical substance effects of peyote (Steltenka... ...s as an escape from the world the white man created. The concern this plant has had on civilization is that it is only way out for some, it is their vehicle of escape to drive them out of the mate rial world and down the peyote road. Bibliography Anderson, E. 1980. Peyote, The overlord Cactus. Arizona University of Arizona Press.Boyer, B., Boyer, R., & Basehart, H. 1973. Hallucinogens and Shamanism M. Hamer, Ed.. England Oxford University Press.Csordas, T., Kiyaani, M. 1997, March. On the Peyote Road. Natural History, 106,48. Lewis, W. 1977, medical Botany. New York Wiley. Steltenkamp, M. 1982. The Sacred Vision. New Jersey Paulist Press. Stewart, 0. 1987. Peyote Religion. Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press. Swan, D. 1998. first Osage Peyotism. Plains Anthropologist, 43(163), 51-71. Unknown, The Peyote Religion. www.peyote.net. Peyote and Native American Culture Essay example -- Botany Biology ResPeyote and Native American CulturePeyote was originally described in 1560, however it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). Field studies have con cluded that there are two distinct populations of peyote which represent two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and least common of the two species is Lophophora difusa, which occurs in the dryer terrain of the Mexican state of Queretaro. This species differs from the more common species by, being yellowish-green rather than blue green in color, by lacking any type of ribs or furrows, by having poorly developed podaria (elevated humps), and by being a softer, more succulent plant (Anderson 1980). Native Americans use peyote in their religious practices because of its psychoactive properties, and is usually eaten as mescal buttons, the dried, brown pieces of the above part of the cactus (Lewis, 1977). The peyote religion is ancient in its origin and spread from Mexico, North in the mid 1800s at a time when Native Americans were desperately in need of spiritual strengt h and enlightenment, Native Americans were confined to reservations which were overseen by military authority, while many of their ritualistic practices and traditions were deemed as illegal. Origin stories regarding the practice of peyote ritual vary, however all encompass a common theme, namely that the Supernatural took pity on those persecuted and communicated spiritually to the Native Americans through the journey experienced while under the chemical effects of peyote (Steltenka... ...s as an escape from the world the white man created. The impact this plant has had on civilization is that it is only way out for some, it is their vehicle of escape to drive them out of the material world and down the peyote road. Bibliography Anderson, E. 1980. Peyote, The Divine Cactus. Arizona University of Arizona Press.Boyer, B., Boyer, R., & Basehart, H. 1973. Hallucinogens and Shamanism M. Hamer, Ed.. England Oxford University Press.Csordas, T., Kiyaani, M. 1997, March. On the Peyote Road . Natural History, 106,48. Lewis, W. 1977, Medical Botany. New York Wiley. Steltenkamp, M. 1982. The Sacred Vision. New Jersey Paulist Press. Stewart, 0. 1987. Peyote Religion. Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press. Swan, D. 1998. Early Osage Peyotism. Plains Anthropologist, 43(163), 51-71. Unknown, The Peyote Religion. www.peyote.net.

The Functions of Stereotypes in Propaganda Essay -- Media Stereotypes

The Functions of Stereotypes in PropagandaA leader with no followers is a guy taking a walk. Good leaders whether it be opinion or political, rarely if ever walk by themselves. The information theydisseminate more often than not leaves them with a hoard of followers that conform to their ideas or cause. The circulated information is known as propaganda. The Webster dictionary defines propaganda as, ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further ones cause or to impairment an opposing cause. Propaganda has been around for a long time the earliest use of the word was in connection with religious missionary activity in the 16th century (Hardwood). Contemporary propaganda for the most part is information or disinformation, spread by leaders through their mouth pieces such as spokespeople or public relations firms. Contemporary propaganda is frequently created with stereotypes that can be easily mum, in order to reach the greatest number of people. Stereotypes and propagand a are like potato bean butter and jam, when put together stereotypes function very well in propaganda. This essay will look at the relationship between stereotypes and propaganda, how stereotypes function in propaganda and how well they function in propaganda tactics. In other words, this essay will look at how stereotypes function in propaganda. History has shown that stereotypes and propaganda have an exceptionally pissed relationship. Propaganda is most easily understood when kept simple by using stereotypes. A stereotype is a ready made image of a psyche or relationship that is instantly recognizable. (Roth) When these two mechanisms are paired together it results in a strong message that can be easily understood by the masses. Propagandi... ...ment and industries that wish to broadcast propaganda (Savich) Works CitedBrandon, Karen. Protesting war, groups battle stereotypes too. Chicago Tribune 17 Jan. 2003. 17 Mar. 2004 . Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda The Formation of Mens Att itudes . Paris Press, 1965. 3 -9. Hardwood, Childs L. Propaganda. Encarta . Redmond Microsoft, 2003. CD-ROM. Roth, Jen. Beyond Stereotypes . 14 July 2001. 29 Mar. 2004 . Savich, Carl K. War,Journalism and Propaganda . 11 Jan. 2000. 19 Mar. 2004 .Shaw, Anup . Media, Propaganda and September 11 . 26 July 2002. 27 Mar. 2004 .

How Japan Committed Crimes Against Humanity in Pursuit of Self-Interest

lacquer was one of the major powers of Axis Powers during the World war II. From 1937 to 1945, Japan started a series of wars, and resulted in millions of casualties along the way. Japanese battlefield consists of three parts China, Pacific and southeasterly Asia. Japanese started these wars because they wanted to gain resources and war advantages for their own country. Japan committed horrors against humanity during their wars, which means they neglected human dignity and degraded human value by humiliation. During the Sino-Japanese War, the Pearl Harbor Attack and wars in Southeastern Asia, Japan, in pursuit of self-interest, violated human rights and committed crimes against humanity. Japans attacking China in 1937 is a crime against humanity. On July 7, 1937, Japan attacked Beijing using a missing soldier as an excuse, without no official declaration to war against China. On December 13, 1937, Japan started a series of massacre in Nanking, which resulted in a casualty of 300,000. During the three-month-long massacre, Japanese army kill for pure fun, and their crime include brutal rape of innocent women, beheading civilians as competition, and murder newborn infant babies. Unit 731 of Japanese army used Chinese people as human test subjects to develop chemical weapon to win the war. They performed amputation and poison gun test on innocent Chinese civilians. When the war reached stalemate, and Japanese troops suffered from hunger, they kill war prisoners and eat the bodies. Japanese officers forced Chinese women to be facilitate lady for the troops. While the name sounded great, reality was that these comfort ladies ended up raped by Japanese soldiers over and over again until death. (Yoshimi 146) These were all crime against h... ...self-interest contradicts humanity and one fails to protect the latter, then it is the unforgivable crime against humanity, and should be punished. Works CitedUnmasking Horror Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York Times. A special report. Japan Confronting macabre War AtrocityKeenan, Joseph Berry and Brown, Brendan Francis, Crimes against International Law, Public Affairs Press, Washington, 1950.Secondary sourcesYoshiaki Yoshimi, 200102, Comfort Women Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II. Columbia University Press.Lord Russell of Liverpool (Edward Russell), The Knights of Bushido, a short history of Japanese War Crimes, Greenhill books, 2002Willmott, Hedley P., and Michael Barrett. World War II (Causes). World at War Understanding fight and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 May 2014.

Standardized Testing :: Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing The truth is, white disciples continuously outperform black or Hispanic students in terms of advance test scores in every subject. For years, people baffle been trying to change this. Some blame the tests as being unfair and discriminatory, and seek to have them abolished. Perhaps the fault doesnt lie in the tests and the discrepancy in scores lies elsewhere in the public education system. What the opponents of standardized testing make to understand is that this type of assessment is essential in having a public school system. The government implements standards for the student of the public school system to achieve by a certain grade level. Standardized tests are the most fair and effective way of measuring student achievement level. These tests are administered to everyone, regardless of sex, operate or ethnicity. Just because white students typically perform better than minority students doesnt mean that the testing is biased. Standardize d testing is alike important and too deeply entrenched in the public education system to deem unfair and have abolished. The tests that are being administered to students are used to determine the youngsters proficiency in subjects such as mathematics and language arts - the building blocks of learning. This is to insure that all students are performing at or above their expected level. If a child is falling behind the rest of their class in these core subjects, these tests are a sure indicator of this. The student stick out then be looked after to insure that they progress along with the rest of their class. If not, then they can be held behind to insure that they gain up to(predicate) skills to perform at their required level of knowledge before proceeding to the next. It is important to Leave no child behind because inadequate preparation can be devastating for future education. If a student is not retaining this required knowledge, then the teachers must be aw are, to insure the student a proper education. Students who cannot assume or write should not be graduating from high school. Herman Badillo, chairman at the City University of New York, states firmly the university should not have to be in the personal line of credit of teaching basic reading, writing and English (Blaming).

Selfish Ambition Frankenstein Essay -- Essays Papers

Selfish Ambition FrankensteinSelfish Ambition?The question What makes us who we are? has perplexed many scholars, scientists, and theorists over the years. This is a question that we still may have not found an answer to. There are theories that people are born bang-up, evil, and as blank slates, but it is hard to prove any of these theories consistently. There have been countless cases of people who have grown up in good homes with loving parents, yet their destiny was to inflict destruction on others. On the other hand, there have been just as many cases of people who grew up on the streets without the guidance of a parental figure, but they chose to make a bad situation into a good one by growing up to do something worthwhile for mankind. For this reason, it is nearly impossible to determine what makes a human being choose the way he/she behaves. Mary Shelley (1797-1851) published a novel in 1818 to voice her opinions about determining personality and the consequences and r epercussions of alienation. Shelley uses the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to make her point. Rousseau proposed the idea that man is essentially good in the beginning of life, but civilisation and education place corrupt and warp a human mind and soul. In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus (hereafter referred to as Frankenstein), Victor Frankensteins creature with human characteristics shows us that people are born with loving, fondness, and moral feelings, but the creature demonstrates how the influence of society can change ones outlook of others and life itself by his reactions to adversity at birth, and his actions after being alienated and rejected by humans several times. In the first chapters of the book, Shelley describes a scientist who was obsessed with doing something large(p) for mankind. Victor Frankenstein, an educated man of science, was completely involved with his snuff it, which happened to be the creation of another living being with huma n qualities. Once Victors work was finally completed, he realized that he had created a monster, and he was terrified. Mary Shelley, supporting Rousseaus theory, definitely believed that people are born essentially with good intentions and feelings, and she shows this from the first few moments of the creatures life. When Victor was lying terrified in his bed, the creature came i... ... good, but can be turned to evil by societys narrow-minded view of what is normal, and the corruption of the mind through knowledge and education. The repercussions of Victors and others alienation of the creature turned a caring individual to an evil one. Shelley succeeds in bringing Rousseaus theory to life, that one is born good, but he can be turned to evil through civilization and education. This story still has a great meaning for us today. Millions of people are outcast by society, not only because of physical appearance, but also because of sexual orientation, social status, and religi on. Once people quit looking so narrow-mindedly at one another, the world will be a oft better place, and Frankensteins monster will rest in peaceWorks CitedMellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley - Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York, New York Routledge, Chapman, & Hall, Inc., 1989. p 136.Scott, Sir Walter. Remarks on Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus A Novel. Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine 1 April 1818. 26 April 2001.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus - 1818 Text. Ed. Marilyn Butler. New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1993.

Selfish Ambition Frankenstein Essay -- Essays Papers

Selfish Ambition FrankensteinSelfish Ambition?The question What makes us who we are? has perplexed adult maley scholars, scientists, and theorists over the years. This is a question that we still may have not found an answer to. There are theories that people are innate(p) good, evil, and as blank slates, but it is unstated to prove any of these theories consistently. There have been countless cases of people who have grown up in good homes with loving parents, yet their destiny was to travel to destruction on others. On the other hand, there have been just as many cases of people who grew up on the streets without the guidance of a enate figure, but they chose to make a bad situation into a good one by growing up to do something worthwhile for mankind. For this reason, it is nearly out(predicate) to determine what makes a human being choose the way he/she behaves. Mary Shelley (1797-1851) published a novel in 1818 to voice her opinions about determine personality and the consequences and repercussions of alienation. Shelley uses the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to make her point. Rousseau proposed the idea that man is essentially good in the beginning of life, but civilization and education can corrupt and warp a human mind and soul. In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus (hereafter referred to as Frankenstein), Victor Frankensteins wolf with human characteristics shows us that people are born with loving, caring, and moral feelings, but the creature demonstrates how the influence of society can change ones outlook of others and life itself by his reactions to adversity at take in, and his actions after being alienated and rejected by humans several times. In the first chapters of the book, Shelley describes a scientist who was obsessed with doing something great for mankind. Victor Frankenstein, an educated man of science, was completely involved with his work, which happened to be the creation of another living being with h uman qualities. at a time Victors work was finally completed, he established that he had created a monster, and he was terrified. Mary Shelley, supporting Rousseaus theory, definitely believed that people are born essentially with good intentions and feelings, and she shows this from the first few moments of the creatures life. When Victor was lying terrified in his bed, the creature came i... ... good, but can be turned to evil by societys narrow-minded view of what is normal, and the corruption of the mind through knowledge and education. The repercussions of Victors and others alienation of the creature turned a caring individual to an evil one. Shelley succeeds in bringing Rousseaus theory to life, that one is born good, but he can be turned to evil through civilization and education. This story still has a great meaning for us today. Millions of people are outcast by society, not only because of physical appearance, but also because of sexual orientation, social statu s, and religion. Once people quit looking so narrow-mindedly at one another, the world impart be a much better place, and Frankensteins monster will rest in peaceWorks CitedMellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley - Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York, New York Routledge, Chapman, & Hall, Inc., 1989. p 136.Scott, Sir Walter. Remarks on Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus A Novel. Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine 1 April 1818. 26 April 2001.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus - 1818 Text. Ed. Marilyn Butler. New York, New York Oxford University Press, 1993.

Carl Robins Essay

This case study pertains to an employee by the name of Carl Robins. He has been employed by ABC, Inc as a Campus Recruiter for half a dozen months. In early April, during Mr. Robins first six months of employment he successfully recruited 15 new hires. The new fitees were to report to Monica Carrolls, the Operations Supervisor, as they would be functional under her. (University of Phoenix, 2014)This case study abstract of Mr. Robins is in relation to the numerous issues that transpired between April and June 15th. To obtain a clear understanding of the complications that transpired, the company believes that it would be in their best interest to consult a firm to look into the companys issues and to attend to solve the problems that have a bun in the oven emerged this may be the most effective method to identify and recommend slipway to improve ABC, Inc.s recruiting of new trainees. I. ISSUES THAT TRANSPIREDThe consulting firm came into ABC, Inc. and thoroughly examined backgr ound information on the situation. There were many key problems that had been identified during the evaluation. The issues that ABC, Inc. was facing were centered on Mr. Carl Robins, ABC, Inc.s Campus Recruiter and overly on the company ABC, Inc. To begin, Mr. Robins has been with the company merely a short six months. The consulting firm believes that Mr. Robins lacks experience, training and supervision. The firm also believes that ABC, Inc. did not train him properly nor did it provide him with the knowledge he needed to proceed properly with the hiring process.He lacked experience and knowledge of the hiring process and he was still allowed to hire 15 newtrainees for the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls. Although hiring 15 new trainees is great accomplishment for a new employee, this might have been too many employees to be hired at once for a first recruitment. Because he is still new to ABC, Inc., learning about day to day operations, the hiring of 15 new trainees can b e overwhelming, tied(p) to the most experienced of people.Another issue Mr. Robins was facing, was the lack of communication between him and the other employees in the office. On May 15th, he was contacted by Monica Carrolls about the following issues the training schedule, preference, manuals, policy booklets, physicals, drug tests, and a host of other issues, which Carl would coordinate for the new hires. Once again, Carl assured the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls, that he would have everything completed and arranged by the June 15th orientation.After further review, Carl had realized that when going through the new trainee files to finalize all the paperwork for the June 15th orientation applications for more or less of the new trainees had not been completed. Also, there were no transcripts on file and n iodine of the 15 trainees had been sent for the mandatory drug screen. Another problem Carl had was that the orientation manuals were missing several pages from each of them and he only had three copies of the manuals. Lastly, upon checking the conference way of life to confirm the date of the orientation, he had not realized that the conference room had been schedule for the whole month of June by the Technology Services Department. There ar several concerns or issues that need to be addressed and that Carl and ABC, Inc. need to straighten out. Below are the listed issues of these concerns that will be discussed. Review of addressed issues1. Incomplete employee applications2. Mandatory drug screens were not scheduled3. Employee transcripts were not on file4. Incomplete orientation manuals5. deficit of orientation manuals6. Resource scheduling conflictsII. PROBLEM SOLVING SOLUTIONSAfter the case review of Carl Robins, discussion of possible solutions available to rectify the situations at guide and the proposed solutions that Mr. Robins should take have been reviewed. Starting with concerns and issues, numbers one through three, the incom plete employee applications Carl needs to contact the 15 new hires and make them aware(p) of the absence in their records and have them complete the applications that need to be submitted to the Human Resources Department along with a transcript they also have to complete a mandatory drug screen antecedent to orientation. Carl needs to set a deadline for the mandatory drug screens to be completed prior to the June 15th orientation training. On the concerns and issues, number four and five, the incomplete orientation manuals and the shortage of the orientation manuals.The orientation manuals were short by 12 Carl needs to make arrangements with company in stomach likeness someone to finish completing the orientation manuals he needs or he mustiness contact an outside company to help rectify the need for the orientation manuals. Carl needs to have a Main Copy Manual made for himself or the next person that is in his position. A awkward imitation manual is something that should be kept on file, so that pages will not be misplaced and there will always be one on file. Carl seems to lack knowledge of ABC, Inc.s policies and procedures. He must get to know the material in the companys orientation manual prior to the July orientation. Reading over the material prior to the orientation and also going over what he will be saying to the new hires with his own supervisory program or another staff member might be a good way to go about this.Mr. Robins can also make key notes to have for himself during the orientation so he can be prepared prior to the training. Lastly, on issue and concern number six. ABC, Inc. must make arrangements to find a better way to coordinate the availability of the conference room or cortege. By not having arrangements in place for this, Carl before long does not have a place to hold orientation that is to take place on June 15th due to the Technology Services Department property training for the whole month of June. Whether the system that they choose be a calendar type paper based or web based, ABC, Inc. should have something in place so errors like these do not occur again. A recommendation of a web based calendar and have one person take control of it is suggested. III. PROPOSED COMPANY SOLUTIONSThe proposed company solutions that should take place are refer all applicants to the Human Resources Department and also for all new employees get to bi periodic or monthly start dates to coincide with the companys pay periods. Have orientation manuals printed either by an in house copy person or have orientation manuals completed by an outside company. Lastly, ABC, Inc. must set up a calendar system for reserving the conference room and Carl needs to go ahead and reserve this room on a reoccurring base of operations. It will be easier to cancel the reserved room rather than to go scrambling sounding for a room to hold orientation in. A web based calendar controlled by one person is what is recommended.Having uppe r management hold a meeting to discuss implementing the proposed solutions should be an additional step to take for all corporate management. Also, upper management should meet on a monthly basis to discuss issues that may be happening within the company and use critical thinking skills to help determine what steps they need to take to help their employees better themselves at their jobs. This will bring good morale to the company and will make for a better work environment. CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, Carl Robins is an employee of ABC, Inc. and has been working for the company for just six months. He holds the position of Campus Recruiter and on his first recruitment hired 15 new trainees. Carl lacked supervision, knowledge and experience and was not organize for such a large task. He was missing applications and mandatory drug screenings that were needed to complete employee records. Carl also did not have proper completed orientation manuals. These issues led to a case study of Car l and ABC, Inc. and proposed solutions were recommended. The recommended solutions are as follows1. Refer all applicants to the Human Resources Department2. All new employees to establish bimonthly/monthly start dates to coincide with pay periods3. Orientation manuals to be printed in house or by outside company4. Have a hard copy manual made of orientation manual5. Set up a web based calendar system for reserving conference room or roomsIt is not impossible to overcome these issues, the proposed solutions if set in place should make for a better work environment for the employees of ABC, Inc.References(2014). Case study carl robins. University of Phoenix.

Comingof Age – Adolescence and Identity

Coming of Age Interview Adolescence and Identity Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. According to Erik Erickson, the better that concourse come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies forrad. People experience the most lessons during their childhood when they are Just learning of how the mankind operates. Children and young adults handle situations very diversely beca substance abuse their thought processes are different depending on their experiences.Of course lessons evoke be revisited successfully when they reoccur as adults, if they are recognized as a problem. This essay is a good example of how two people raised in different environments felt like they became adults. I chose to use myself as one example and a co-worker to compare to. The interviewee is a 23 year old male named Michael. Michael was raised by his mother and set emerge in Texas. His father was in the Marines and their family moved a business deal . He said that his father was hard on him to always be manly and tough and he was physical with him for punishment.His parents eventually divorced and Michael started to do his own thing with his friends in Texas while staying at his moms. He said that because he moved a lot growing up he was okay with having his things scattered about and staying with different people. It seemed like he did not have much stability after graduating juicy School. He waited two years after High School before he realized that he needed to do something with his intent story. It was a shock to him that life was nothing like High School. He stated, l was the popular one in High School and I had a lot of friends. After we receive they all did things and I stayed and was bored.I decided to Join the Marines like my dad. Michael ended up in the Army instead which is how he became my co-worker. Now, Michael is newly married and takes care of a one year old girl. He has his own apartment and is the only on e who brings home the income. He said that he felt he came of be on when he joined the military and realized that life wasnt like High School. He rebelled to community expectations for the longest time until he realized that it made life more difficult and he needed money to get anywhere. He said that he used to Just care about partying and hanging out with friends but now his interests are in his family and career.He is comfortable with his adult identity but he realizes that he picked up some anger issues from his father and that can cause strain in his marri climb on as it did with his parents. Like Erikson suggests, depending on how you dealt with things in adolescence it can reflect the way you do in adulthood. My development was different in that I was not necessarily raised by my parents at all. I grew up in Northern Wisconsin and only moved around in the same three owns. My mother suffers from Schizophrenia and my father is also an waterspout who had violent tendencies.I f elt that I was an adult at the young age of 13. I was completely self-sufficient and got a Job right away at the age of 14. I knew what I had to do to succeed Just by handout off what my parents were lacking in. I told myself that I mental illness and we grew up with little to no income. I lived with my younger brother Taylor up until he was taken from the home at age 4. Instead of being very popular and focused on the High School life like Michael, I was counsel on my grades ND Job so that I could graduate early and attend college. I graduated a half a year ahead of my class and started college right away.I never imagined not having a Job. It became hard for me to afford college on my own so I Joined the Army. Michael joined the Army as a sort of last resort to kick his life into gear. One thing that I know was similar whether it had correlation or not, is that we both had alcoholic fathers. I did many successful things as a youth but thats not to say that I didnt get into the d rinking and drug scene myself. My fathers tempt showed me that it was okay to rink and it looked like that is what adults do. I was acting like an adult with work and school so I also started to drink at age 13.Michael also started to drink at a young age with no question as to what right or wrong was. I think this shows that enate influence is a large factor in shaping your own values and coming of age. According to Erikson, Surrounded by mighty disapproval the childs master state of naive self-love is said to be compromised. He looks for models by which to measure himself, and seeks happiness in trying to resemble them. Where he succeeds he achieves conceit (Erickson 1980. As seen by the example above, the role models Michael and I have both affected us but in different ways.I chose to do the opposite of my parents because I saw the mistakes they made. Michael chose to follow the career path of his father because he saw it support the family. The growing child must derive a v itiating sense of human beings from the awareness that his individual way of mastering experience is a successful variant in a group identity and is in accord with its space-time continuum and life plan. (Erickson 1980. ) It is shown that each child has their own perspective of reality and adulthood which comes about through positive and negative experiences in childhood and adolescence.Erickson theory is effective in that it reminds us to look back and wonder where a persons actions and way of life derived from. It is important to remember that in order to fix any problems and harbor changes in adulthood. It is silly to think that we Just woke up one day with anger problems or low self-esteem. Everything came from somewhere and finding the source makes it easier to handle. References Erikson, E. H. (1980). Ego information and Historical Change. Identity and the life cycle (up. 17-50). New York Norton.

Human Relations Essay

Human relation is a thread which connects one humans being with another. such relations help us identify our position in society with respect to people around us. These relations provide ways to expose the concealed anthropological factor in all(prenominal) humans. Our appearances whether physical or emotional are often deceptive as they do not necessarily invent true intentions. Studying human relations involves understanding the subconscious human thinking that influences our motivations (Henderson 17). The following essay deals with the importance of inter human relations on human harvest-feast and success.Keywords social, interaction, people, relation, existence, communication, failure, understanding, business, knowledge, motive The evolution of human being from an unthinkable ape to a thinkable animal is a noteworthy phenomenon. We absorb learned, show and understood that man is a social animal. Several qualities which are dormant in him come to surface when man is expos ed to similar creatures and situations which stimulate his wag cells. Communication capabilities and successful interaction with one another has made him share ideas and commodities for fulfilling his requirements since ancient times.Human existence is itself a struggle against our environmental conditions. To gain all that can be gained, to achieve all that can be achieved and to conquer all that can be conquered is the motto of human living today. Demand for success in every deed has become an inseparable aspect of human efforts. Man has tremendous potential to carve path for himself and achieve phenomenal success. We bear known great people such as Edison, Newton, Einstein and many more who present stood rooted against all odds and such is their success that their names are at the tip of our tongue.It should be noted that although individual survival is possible but engenderth and success are fairly dependent upon establishing and maintaining human relations. For instance le t us consider the case of a businessman trying to market a product to boost his company sales. Substantial expediency in productivity can be viewed with apt co-operation from people in various departments such as those concerned with product delivery, packaging, costing, advertising and ultimately the customer. A splendid combination of co-operation from everyone involved needs remarkable communication and a pricy understanding amongst participants.A failure in this will always have quantifiable repercussions on the businessmans attempts to run his company. One also has to understand that entire chain of activities needs a wise action scheme and wishful involvement of people. It is a known fact that businesses become more effective as their employees become better adjusted emotionally (Henderson 16). Maintaining an excellent plangency by keeping healthy human relations is significant for the success of every individual involved. As rightly suggested by Huczynski, human relations have the power and ability to firmly hold entire industrial society which was once considered a shaky fabric.This was considered possible because of inherent human desire for affaire and predictability in day to day activities (127). We also know that unity adds strength. Unity arrives from strong bonding amongst a group of people. These strong bonds can be well-kept by keeping good human relations. Maintaining good human relations facilitates co-operation and increases our power even as an individual. A good ensures support during adversities. Personal harvest-home carries different meaning to different people. Few may hold substantial growth and happiness in group work whereas some others may find it easier to tread their paths alone.Success and someoneal growth do not come on their own accord. They demand involvement, hard work, determination and perseverance. Success in veritable field also requires knowledge of subjects from some other areas which are to be acquired with help from other people. This involvement from other people can only sink if a good quality of interpersonal relationship exists among them. Improper human relations create huge communication gap and dampen a persons motivation and urge. What exactly is personal growth? Expanding our dimensions of knowledge and understanding without any involvement with others is nearly impossible.A bad relation stems from selfish motives, insufficient understanding between people and it often leads to conflicts. Such conflicts cause mental instability and are a major reason for war. A person is state to grow when he/she grows not only physically but also psychologically and spiritually. Let us understand this with the analogy of plants. A plant cannot grow on its own. Through years it has developed relations with sun, soil, water, fertilizers, oxygen, other plants for pollination, etc which are all essential for its growth. Same is the case with humans.The crux of entire discussion lies in attempti ng to focus on best possible human relations. A good human relation is very essential for individual growth and success. A good relation nurtures happiness, promises satisfaction and opens new horizons for success. As Butler-Bowdown writes about Covey until one can understand others way of seeing, one cannot be truly successful. Personal growth isnt always about doing something new but about doing something in new light and learning to see world with others eye (93). An exemplary shift in human relations triggers personal achievements at a high level

A Study into the Curriculum Development Process

In the yesteryear, course of survey development commissions were typic tout ensembley composed of the teachers with expertness in the content rural who were asked to put up range and sequence paperss and to propose texts and other resources for acceptance by teach territories. Our apprehension of course of study development has changed. The procedure is now viewed as an chance to develop understanding and ownership by the participants, and therefore course of study development commissions include members of all parties with involvements in the educational system. Identifying and sequencing the content drive out hold a more positive consequence on pupil accomplishment when it is combined with effectual financial statemental and assessment schemes every bit technical as a supportive school environment. Therefore, the occupation of course of study development commissions is more extended than in the yesteryear. political plat cook development commissions essential enquiry effe ctual patterns in modulate to back up school environments that offer rich and varied scholarship experiences. They must reexamine policies and behaviours that foster community interlocking and just chances for all. They must confab professional development activities to back up the content, direction, and assessment outlooks. The outlooks of course of study development commissions cross some boundaries into what were antecedently delineate as administrative functions. While some course of study development commissions might non hold the clip, resources, or power to presume all of these functions, they can see the importance of each of the issues raised in this papers and delegate related duties to others who can consequence these alterations.PremisesA quality course of study development procedure addresses what pupils should cognize, be subject to make, and be committed to ( content ) , how it is taught ( direction ) , how it is measured ( appraisal ) , and how the educationa l system is organized ( context ) .Every facet of course of study development should pattern inclusive, learner-centered direction. In other words, territory course of study development commission meetings and territory professional development should mirror best instruction patterns. Curriculum development, direction, and appraisal should be unfastened, just procedures. Everyone involved must cognize the intents for every drill, the stuffs or procedures to be used, the definition of success, and the effects of failure.The end should be to fight persons to be independent, yet join forces efficaciously be self-evaluative yet take others perceptual experiences into history be rapacious scholars, yet commit themselves to a balance instruction.Curriculum development should recoil the fact that pupils learn give away when subjects and constructs are tied totakeher through interdisciplinary course of study and thematic direction.Curriculum for educating and touchstone immature c laws should follow proto(prenominal) childhood instruction guidelines and include engagement of parents and the early on childhood community.The course of study development procedure must presume that pupils develop at variant times degrees or phases must be looked at as scopes instead than specific frame degrees or single-age classs.educational answerability means that the territory has a clear statement of criterions and outlooks for pupils, teachers, instructional Plutos, parents, territory functionaries, and all others who participate in the peculiar instruction community. Both criterions and appraisals must be known and believable to the full community. Standards must be evaluated by a assortment of appraisals. Any rating procedure must place the measuring yardsticks ( procedures, instruments ) , the intents for measurement, the measuring delegates or forms, and the effects of meeting or non run intoing the stated outlooks.Professional development should be provided for the course of study development commission and, when implementing the freshly course of study, instructors and staff at any rate need professional development. A important investing in professional development must be an built-in contribution of any course of study development procedure.The educational constructions must be flexible to let for the integrating of course of study across the subjects in instances where such(prenominal) integrating would better motive of the pupils and relevancy of the content.These premises must take to rethinking the conventional construction and agenda of schools in footings of school twenty-four hours, school twelvemonth, class degrees, capable countries, graduation demands, pupil grouping, and physical works. ( Chip McMillian )Te WhA?rikiTe WhA?riki is the Ministry of Education s early childhood course of study policy statement. Te WhA?riki is a exemplar for supplying tamariki/children s early acquisition and development within a socio cultura l context. It emphasises the larning partnership between kaiako/teachers, parents, and whA?nau/families. Kaiako/teachers weave an holistic course of study in response to tamariki/children s acquisition and development in the early childhood scene and the wider context of the kid s universe.This course of study is founded on the succeeding(prenominal) aspirations for kidsto turn up as competent and confident scholars and communicators, healthy in head, organic structure, and spirit, secure in their sense of belonging and in the cognition that they make a valued part to society.This course of study defines how to accomplish advancement towards this vision for scholars in early childhood acquisition environments. It is about the single kid. Its get downing point is the scholar and the cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that the kid brings to their experiences. The course of study is besides approximately early childhood scenes. Learning Begins at place, and early childhood pro grammes outback(a) the kid s ain place drama a important function in widening early acquisition and in puting the foundations for successful afterlife acquisition.Each community to which a kid belongs, whether it is a household place or an early childhood puting outside the place, provides chances for impudently acquisition to be fostered for kids to reflect on alternate ways of making things do connexions across clip and topographic point set up different sorts of relationship and meet different points of position. These experiences enrich kids s lives and supply them with the cognition, accomplishments, and temperaments they need to undertake new challenges.This is an early childhood course of study specifically designed for kids from the clip of birth to school entry, and it provides links to larning in school scenes. The larning environment in the early childhood old ages is different from that in the school sector. This acquisition environment, the restraints of age, and the particular nature of the early childhood old ages are elaborated on in this course of study.This course of study emphasises the critical function of socially and culturally mediated acquisition and of mutual and antiphonal relationships for kids with people, topographic points, and things. Children learn through coaction with grownups and equals, through guided engagement and observation of others, every bit good as through single geographic expedition and contemplation.This is a course of study for early childhood attention and instruction in New Zealand. In early childhood instruction scenes, all kids should be given the chance to develop cognition and an apprehension of the cultural heritages of both spouses to Te Tiriti o Waitangi. The course of study reflects this partnership in text and construction. ( Education )Research in course of study designIn general there are criterions set by regulating organic structures to guarantee that all kids get the same instruction. This i ncludes when kids should get down larning certain constructs like generation, and at what ages they should hold a specified reading ability. Those who work on course of study design on a regular basis reexamine these criterions to do certain that they can be met, and do accommodations when necessary.Course of study interior decorators besides deal out the pupils, and what types of course of study is best for their demands. This can be a hard accomplishment since pupils in most schools come from a scope of cultural and economic backgrounds. Teaching methods may be different depending on the basic make-up of the pupil organic structure, as some methods are more enamor for certain types of pupils than others. A truly professional and experient course of study interior decorator will take these points into consideration.One besides has to believe about restrictions when be aftering new course of study. Restrictions include budget, clip, and pupil s abilities. For illustration, non man y schools could afford to take all their pupils to historical museums, but the parent of a place schooled kid may. Additionally, some constructs taught in a big school environment may hold to be broken into smaller pieces in order to give the instructor clip to cover the subject with his or her category. When topics are covered excessively fast many kids may non hold clip to absorb the information in advance new information is introduced. ( schools )Curiculum design at decidedly involves a research based attack. It has been identify thatThe grownups and instructors who work in the early childhood environment by and large construct the language of the environment so it is of import that pedagogues understand this linguistic communication. It is our belief that a quality environment responds to the 100 linguistic communications of kids identified by Loris Malaguzzi ( pedagogist manager of the diary Bambini and a cardinal figure in the development and publicity of the Reggio Em ilia early childhood Centres ) in his verse form The 100 linguistic communications of kids. 3 The early childhood environment demands to state to childrena Yes This is a topographic point for singing and understanding, a topographic point to detect, to contrive and to woolgather, a topographic point for listening and marvelling.We ve identified three cardinal facets to any early childhoodenvironment as the physical environment, the interactive environment ( social interactions within the environment ) and the temporal environment ( routines/time ) . However this paper merely attempts to analyze two cardinal countries of the physical environment administration and aesthetics. We consider that these two key countries contribute significantly to the messages and cues given to kids by the environment ( If the environment is the 3rd instructor what linguistic communication does she talk? )Teachers PhilisophyFor a instructor pupils aretheir chief precedence and they are cognizant that e ach of them has different degree of proficiency when it comes to larning. They believe that by making a student-centred acquisition, their pupils will be able to take charge of their ain acquisition with small aid from the instructor. This will instill a sense of duty in them in footings of accomplishing their acquisition end. As a instructor, one of their functions would be to train and ease them throughout the acquisition procedure by supplying information and giving utile guidelines in order for them to accomplish their acquisition mark.By being more resourceful, Teachers will be able to accomplish complacency and success in learning. Teachers ae normally unfastened to new thoughts and suggestions therefore they would wish to be more involved in educational activities, attend educational negotiations and take part in forums or conferences to farther dust out my cognition. Furthermore, being up-to-date with the latest information, maintaining in touch with planetary issues and ac quiring their custodies on the latest engineering are some of the ways for me to better themselves. It is besides said, Teachers could integrate engineering into school get on pattern because, knowledge-wise, instructors should be at least two or three stairss in front of their pupils. Therefore I have to be well-prepared for every lesson by be aftering their clip and stuffs expeditiously to guarantee that a successful lesson takes topographic point. . Therefore based on the higher up it is apparent that course of study design is based on a instructors doctrine. At Te WhA?riki a similar doctrine is followed.( Jamil, 209 )A major function on our thought has been the work of early childhood pedagogues from Reggio Emilia. We are interested in how the theoretical underpinnings of their attack has manifested in New Zealand and other Western states. The modulate Reggio Emilia programmes have had on early childhood pedagogues believing in the design of educational equipment, usage of coloring material, infinite and lighting in early childhood Centres, and the turning consciousness of the importance of aesthetics in educational environments, reinforces our ain belief that the Arts and aesthetics instruction are built-in to ontogenesis quality early childhood programmes.We have titled this paper If the environment is the 3rd instructor what linguistic communication does she talk? because we believe the early childhood environment gives kids of import messages and cues. In other words, the environment speaks to kids about what they can make, how and where they can make it and how they can work together. What is in a infinite, a room or a pace, and how it is arranged can impact the behavior of people it can do it easier to move in certain sorts of ways, harder to move in others. We do nt normally believe to take out a deck of cards at a dinner tabular array set for six, even though the figure and agreement suggest a fire hook game. The whole scene gives us prom pt about expected behavior, and by and large we do what we have been invited to doain a similar manner, peculiar scenes invite kids to affect themselves in peculiar activities, and the extent ofchildren s constructive engagement in the activity will depend in big portion on how good certain concrete, mensurable facets of the environing physical infinite run into their hungriness, attitudes and interestsa ( Education )

Racial Discrimination Essay

The scene of ghettosThe with poor living conditions of the ghettos in whichwhere grim pack live is not uncommon. , Iit actually manifests a larger picture of racial discrimination which is closely related to poverty. racial discrimination is about the pre-conceived notion that black the great unwashed atomic number 18 inferior they are more prone to military unit and totally relianty on social welfare to survive. As a result of these stereotypical images, black people receive low quality education and they willing have less seam opportunities, not to mention the throttle access to the welfare system.In this essay, we shall discuss whether racial discrimination causes poverty among this minority community of interests in the States. Racial discrimination undoubtedly appears in the education system in AmericaAmericas education system, as Gordon, Piana and Keleher (2000) points out that the public schools in America failed to provide the same quality education for the blacks comp ared to the whites. In minority schools where African American and Latino are concent localizedthere is a concentration of African-Americans and Latinos, there are limited resources and professionally trained teachers for students.Tthis phenomenon conveys that resources are un howeverly distributed among schools as a result of racial discrimination. Besides resources and quality of teachers, there is a higher rate of suspension and exclusion for black people, as suggested in the search by Applied Research Center for Expose Racism and Advance School Excellence, suspension and expulsion rate is tierce times higher for African AmericanAfrican-Americans, with the rate of 56% compared to 18% of general school population.This may be due to the unfairness in treating the intercession of black people in the case of zero-tolerance policies such as the Gun-Free School Act (GFSA) enacted in 1994. It is important to note that schools expel African AmericanAfrican-American students at a disp roportionate rate compared to white studentsstudents, as schools seem to have a convenient reason to expel the unwanted students. This clearly illustrates how such kind of policpoliciesy aggravates alert disparities in the education system.Uneven distribution of wealth is also a major problem, causing poverty among black people. It is suggested that due to racial segregation and a controlled political environment by white people, black people usually find it difficult to assimilate themselves into the labor force and civil society (Ducan, 1999). In the U. S. , per capita income of the whites is almost five times more than that of the blacks, which clearly illustrates the serious problem of a widening wealth gap between these twodifferent racial groups.The findings from Mean Racial Wealth Gap across 181 U. S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas shows that the standard deviation of wage between the blacks and the whites is the highest in among comparison toof different racial groups such as Latinos and white people and Asians and white people. , Iit clearly points out that the most severe wealth gap exists between black and white people. However, upward mobility is restricted for the black blacks as they face racial discrimination in the process of hiring and firing.Only about half of working-age black men are employed, compared to two-thirds of white men, but even if black menpeople are employed, they are usually engaged in low-paid jobs so that they can barely affordsupport their daily expenses. It is likely that black people are organism exploited in the labor market because they are seen as racial minorities (McCall, 2001). As a result of lower wage rate comparably, black people are more likely to live under the poverty line than white people. It seems to be a logical conclusion that sinceas black people are less able to support themselves, they will become the major beneficiary of the welfare system.However, figures show the opposite situation , only 7. 7% of retirement indemnity are received by black peopleblack people receive only 7. 7% of retirement insurances. Researches also shows that a social welfare other than retirement insurance, such as disability insurance, medical healthcare and housing, benefit black people to a limited extent (Davies & Derthick, 1997).Another example of institutional racism is that in hospitals in AmericaAmerican hospitals, black people will beare segregated from white people, and and they will receive lower quality of medical healthcare services. han white people and Hhospitals that primarily serve the minority community are disproportionately closed without sound reasons (Randall, 2011). All these examples clearly illustrate the fact that equal opportunity isare not provided to people of different races. , Ppeople in need are not being subsidized enough simply because they are black people. The two social problems of, racial discrimination and poverty should not be seen as separated issues. , Iin fact, they are closely correlated in the sense that racial discrimination directly causes poverty.The three arguments above portray a vicious cycle low education level will cause black people to have less job opportunities, together with limited social welfare, and the resulting ins poverty. When a family does not have enough resources to support their children to receive better education, poverty will pass on to the adjacent generation. Black people end up being socially and economically inferior compared with to white people. Racial discrimination undeniablye creates and perpetuates unbalanced economic opportunitiesy, which should be eradicated in all sense.

Case Study 1: Generative Software Development

Case Study 1 Generative computer software instruction Advanced Software Engineering CIS 518 February 17, 2013 Case Study 1 Generative Software Development Generative package outgrowth is a learning that permits products to be produced automatic aloney through different specifications. This type of development happens in two phases the first phase consist of the domain engineers developing the product down to generating the package mechanisms. Once development is completed, then each individual product is produced.The normal software development serve up would normally consist of several(prenominal) different models that turn everywhere a particular set of task that have to be set forth during a certain point during the suffice. The software development process happens over a series of activities and depending on the development model will determine what activities will take place at any given time during the process pen the Generative software development happens in two ph ases with specifications that are already determined at the start of the development.Developing generative software would benefit an organization because this allows for automation to software development. Many companies develop software but it is so generic and takes intense processes where the whole software is based on coding from chance on which piece of tail be possibly be utilise by any software. With the use of languages like FORTRAN and C will have less of an impact of the software quality and the length and speed of the development will not be effected (Iseger, 2010). Moving toward automation will give developers more room to do up with software solutions and the complier with automatically produce lower assemblers.This would streamline the organizations software with less downtime, easier maintenance and convert everything to an automated governance. With the use of generative software development would save developers time in the end from having to redevelop codes f rom scratch which risk defects because of incorrect coding etc. The challenges that would be faced with implementing the generative software development process in organization would be to en accepted that all software and systems could be combine and automated without any delays or downtime.There would also be a problem with saving old entropy that is not used any longer saving and archiving information without the loss of any data during the transfer. Making sure that the development team understands the new process and how the implementation will take place. These challenges will be easy to overcome first thing would be to examen as much as possible before implementation to try and catch any errors that may come up and make sure all of the developers are using and coding the new application with the desired language that was chosen for the application.Also having a back place to store the data before combine the data so that just in case the data is lost during the implementa tion there is a back-up location to access any of the organizations data. Developer will had had several training sessions on the new process and there will be at least three meeting a week during implementation to see everyone is on the same page and to make sure that the process is running smoothly to have a successful implementation.The generative software development process might be applied to an organizations development process to quickly automate the system and create a streamline of applications that work and can be integrated without several phases to follow before implementation can occur. This can be used for organizations that are looking to automate all of their data and system applications to change magnitude productivity enhance the security, provide data back up and data storage.The organization can use the Domain Specific Modelling, which is an approach that applies generative computer programming in order to improve the software applications development quality and boost the developer productivity. The move towards 3GL is the key to achieving 400% productivity (Iseger, 2010). The first step to the use of DSM is to strike the solution and come up with a illustration by using critical thinking and relating the problem to the domain. However, the use of a UML is most commonly used to provide a full model solution.Creating a visual depiction of the application model provides a blue print of the software application which programmers can use these specifications but now in the programming language. When creating the application the use of programming concepts by raising the level of abstractions will help with developing the system concept. The Organization can create the system specifications by using the concepts and rules based on the companys products produced. Creating the application in the concept of using domains verse classes enhances the applications speed and makes it much easier to develop.This will allow the application to be mor e streamlined to the data and make it easier program as a whole. Creating classes all of the data has to somehow link together for the classes to retrieve the correct data but the use of DSM will eliminate that. References Iseger, M. (2010, July 23). Domain-specific modeling for generative software development. Retrieved from http//www. developerfusion. com/article/84844/domainspecific-modeling-for-generative-software-development/ Lawerence Pfleeger, S. (2010). Software engineering. (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

Mona Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci

This oil on poplar, 77 x 53 cm, or 30 x 21 inches, has taken the conception by a never-failing storm for unrivaled reason or the other, for centuries. It is one of the most famous paintings of the world. Its creation is the news for all time to come. When it was stolen, it again made headlines in the world press. So much scrutiny, parody, studies and mythologizing roughly this little painting, which is greatest of the great That enigmatic expression, the smile that has no beginning or give the axe, has always taken the world of dodge critics/lovers to the flight of an amazing wonderland.Aesthetics qualities of Mona Lisa of da Vinci da VinciSilence is the sweetest sound on Earth, said Mr. Boris Pasternak, the famous Nobel Prize winning Russian author. The gaze of Mona Lisa is fixed on the viewer and it seems to welcome him with her typical silent style of communication. Silence is a divine quality and the immediate effect of viewing this painting is, as if it emits rays of divin ity. Leonardo used a pyramid design to make the woman simple and calm, in the space of painting. The light gives the variety of living surfaces an underlying geometry of sphere and circles. The images of sit down Madonna were widely popular at that time, and Leonard has used the same method.He has admirably succeeded in creating the visual impression of distance between Mona Lisa and the observer. Her sitting angle indicates her taciturn posture. The best part that seizes the attention of the viewer is her brightly lit face. Much darker elements there around, like hair, veil and the shadow, create a telling effect as regards the glow on her face. Every feature is divine every artistic stroke makes you salute Mona Lisa. For a while, you even forget the creator of the painting, and you think that it has arrived neat from the celestial worldThe painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter before an imaginary landscape Behind her a vast landscape recedes to wintery mo untains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence are echoed in the undulating imaginary valleys and rivers behind her. The blurred outlines, graceful figure, spectacular contrasts of light and dark, and overall feeling of calm are characteristic of Leonardos style for it represents rather an ideal than a real woman. The sense of overall harmony achieved in the paintingespecially apparent in the sitters faint smile reflects Leonardos idea of the cosmic link connecting humanity and nature. (Mona Lisa.)Regional qualities of Mona Lisa of Leonardo da VinciYou observe that Mona Lisa has no visible facial hair at all. No eyebrows or eyelashes. This was make by Leonardo, as per the practice obtaining at that time as genteel women pick off their hair. In 2004, the Italian scholar Giuseppe Pallanti published Monna Lisa, Mulier Ingenua (literally Mona Lisa Real Woman, published in English under the title Mona Lisa Revealed The True Identity of Leonardos Model. The book self-collected archival evidence in support of the tralatitious identification of the model as Lisa Gherardini. According to Pallanti, the evidence suggests that Leonardos father was a friend of del Giocondo. The portrait of Mona Lisa, done when Lisa Gherardini was aged about 24, was probably commissioned by Leonardos father himself for his friends as he is known to have done on at least one other occasion (Mona Lisa)Regardless of the fact that the scenes depicted are relevant to the region to which Leonard belonged, the compositions are united by a magical mood of frozen time. The artist has captured in the painting what he himself has seen and experienced more deeply. No artist can create a masterpiece, if he thinks of the critics in advance-as to what the knower of the art might opine. To be an art critic is one thing to be an artist is an entirely different matter. A critic writes with the pen using his mind. The artist writes with the strokes of hi s brush, animate by the soul Mona Lisa is the actual life and transformation of Leonards life. Therefore, it is believed that he carried the painting, along with him, wherever he wentIt is difficult to discuss such a lend briefly because of the complex stylistic motifs which are part of it. In the essay On the perfect beauty of a woman, by the 16th-century writer Firenzuola, we get a line that the slight opening of the lips at the corners of the mouth was considered in that period a sign of elegance (Web Museum) All world famous paintings and drawings remind the viewers of the traditional regional images of that time, along with which the artist was brought up and associated with. Such an influence can not be avoided, as all paintings tell everything about the painting and something about the artist who created it. Vibrant regions around him are bound to be reflected in his paintings.The regional qualities and influences can be seen in the avalanche of modern paintings. The highl ight of the paintings in the 1980s is confrontation between the power of the feminine and the power of the masculine. In the 1990s it has been mythological and religious themes related paintings, environment objects and land art. At the end of the 20th century, it was societys processes of development. (LNMM-2007)ReferencesMona Lisaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa 107kWeb Museum, Paris, Leonardo da VinciLNMM Exhibitions 2007archives www.vmm.lv/fr/exhib_archive/2007/?PHPSESSID=cc35fafcecf9d2735cf267e5d2e91870 43k

Global Project Management

Similarities and Differences between Domestic and Global chore direction. Global business practices atomic number 18 go increasingly common both(prenominal) for large multi-national organic laws as well(p) as small national businesses. umteen businesses egresssource rick to other countries or contract people of organizations globosely to complete run across work or provide offshore services (Eberlein, 2008, p. 27).A better understanding of how to manage worldwide jut outs is crucial to the body of acquaintance just about cypher counsel. The purpose of this study is to explore the similarities and differences between home(prenominal) and spheric bemuse counseling. The research questions used to guide this study be 1. In what agencys be domestic and international vomits similar and various? 2. What ar some mediating vari adequates that contri scarcelye to globose childbed failure or winner? Domestic discombobulate directionIn the unify States the Pr oject Management Institute (PMI) cast instruction body of companionship (PMBOK) and the necktie of Project Managers (APM) body of knowledge (bok) ar used as guides for planning and controlling contrives (Burke, 2001). According to the PMBOK a drop is a temporary strive undertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every digest has a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services (PMBOK as cited in Burke, 2001, p. ). All makes share the same introductory components (a) a bulge out passenger vehicle or single individual responsible for the out perform of the project, (b) a get down and an end, (c) distinct phases, budget of allocated financial and physical resources, (d) unique set of activities special to the project, (e) fast tracking to acquire product or cover completed before the competition, and (f) assignment of team member roles and responsibilities (Burke, 2001).The role of the project tutor is to set up a management structure which non only meets the needs of the project, but the needs of the organization, the needs of the stakeholders and the needs of the individuals working on the project (Burke, 2001, p. 1). Projects range in size and circumstance from small domestic projects to large multi-national global projects. The first, and often critical task of the project carriage is to refer the stakeholders of the project and what their needs and supportations are in relation to the urpose and the scope of the project (Kerzner, 2003). According to the PMBOK, there are nine components that the project motorbus must(prenominal) consider (a) integration, (b) time, (c) quality, (d) scope, (e) cost, (f) human resource management, (g) communication, (h) procurement, and (i) endangerment. This touch ons the project manager articulating what has to be completed in order for the project to be a achievement. This includes outl ining how long the project go away take, how a good underwrite it bequeath cost, what resources are needed, and what good foul or subject matter experts are needed.Prior to implementation, the project manager works with others on the project team to come a plan and how it will be implemented. end-to-end the planning, implementation, and closedown phases, the project manager is responsible for managing techniques and tools used as well as integrating, monitoring and maintaining the process and personnel from concept to completion of project objectives (Burke, 2001). Project integration involves the planning, execution, and control of the project and how the inputs from different knowledge and technical experts will be coordinated (Kerzner, 2003).Project scope management involves ensuring that all the tasks required for the project are defined, the resources required are identified, and controlling processes are in place (DeLone et al. , 2005). Project cost management includes understanding budget allocation and restrictions and planning how resources will be used, cost estimates and budgeting, cash-flow and control. Project quality management involves indentifying and maintaining the necessary conditions to ensure quality assurance and control during all phases of the project life unit of ammunition.Management of project personnel is likewise an important responsibility of the project manager. Project human resource management involves identifying, recruiting, and maintaining a project team with the right mix of technical and knowledge experts (Kerzner, 2003). Project communication management involves creating a work environment that facilitates the proper communication channels for the collection and dissemination of information related to planning, implementation, and completion of the project.Project risk management involves identifying risks and incorporating processes and procedures to mitigate against risks to the completion of the project. Fina lly project procurement management involves identification and implementation of processes that facilitate the planning and procurement of resources and necessary documentation for completion of the project (Burke, 2001, pp. 8-9).During the project life-cycle, project managers are responsible for oversight of such tasks or processes as work breakdown structure, critical fashion methods (calculation of all the activities from start to finish to determine the duration of the project), resource smoothing, earned value, and configuration control (Burke, 2001). galore(postnominal) organizations are turning to management-by-projects approach because it provides flexibility, decentralized management responsibility, a more(prenominal) holistic or global way of conceptualizing problems and solutions, and problem solution processes that are terminus oriented (Burke, 2001, p. ). One benefit of management by project is that it allows for the inclusion of temporary, part-time or full-time w orkers as team members. Another is that this approach has been endorsed by the International Project Management Assoc iation (IPMA) (Burke, 2001). This is important for global project management scenarios. Global Project Management Global project management often involves program management in which a project ability is designated to mange a large capital project that is subdivided into smaller project teams each with a specific goal to achieve as part of a larger plan.Often the project manager will be involved with one or more of the following, either personally or through designated representatives (a) recruitment of project team personnel, (b) human resources and personnel issues, (c) identification of economic factors related to the project, (d) computer or other technical systems to be used, (e) legal contracts or other required documentations, (f) sales and marting issues if applicable, (g) and costs (purchasing, sales, and employee) (Burke, 2001, p. 5).Finally, the project m anager either serves as the technical expert or identifies and includes on the project team the necessary technical and knowledge experts required to complete the project. The project manager is key to the success of either project. The project manager sets the overall tone and creates the environment in which the work is to be completed (Delone et al. , 2005). The project manager must contend with and integrate the different expectations of outside forces that influence the project tuition, implementation, and completion.This includes stakeholder goals and expectations as well as the immediate client or sponsor requirements for the project (Delone et al. , 2005). It also includes understanding how the project fits within the economic cycle, market requirement, and the competition. In addition, the project manager must complete the project within the culture and structure of the organization or organizations while adhering to all rules and regulations governing the industry (Esp inosa et al. , 2003).Finally, and sometimes neglected, the project manager must be mindful of the political forces that evict affect the completion of the project, both internal to the organization as well as the external environment (Burke, 2001, p. 6). These factors are static and the manager must be able to galvanic pile with uncertainty, change, and risk within the project environment. In a growing global business environment, projects often involve outside(a) partner and project teams composed of members from different geographical and cultural areas (Eberlein. 008). Global project managers are faced with a different set of challenges than faced by the domestic project manager. Conducting projects in different countries, with their unique legal and political environment, security issues, economic factors, and infrastructure limitations and requirements, increases complexity far beyond that of projects put to death in domestic settings (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 1). Many of the issues discussed in relation to domestic project management are applicable to global project management.However, in addition to the PMI and PMBOK in the United States, there are others organizations that provide project management guidelines such as the Association of Project Managers (AMP bok) in the United Kingdom, The AIPM Competency Standards for Project Management in Australia, the ISO 10006 Guideline to Quality in Project Management, South African unit standards, and the International Association of Project Managers (IPMAs BOK) (Burke, 2001, p. ). The purpose of these resources is to provide a body of common knowledge that can be used in domestic as well as international projects Compared to the PMBOK used in the United States, the APM bok from the United Kingdom employs a broader approach to project management, utilizing 55 knowledge areas compared to the nine knowledge areas of PMBOK.The APM bok Incorporates not only inward focused project management topics (such as plan ning and control techniques), but also broader topics in which the project is being managed (such as social and ecological environment), as well as specific areas (such as engineering science, economics, finance, organization, procurement and people as well as general management). (Burke, 2001, p. 8) Global project management involves an understanding of the industries and types of projects that are used in the countries involved in the project (Burke, 2001).When involved in global project management, a key issue is ensuring a common understanding and competence of project managers who come from different project management certification of licensure programs Delone et al. , 2005). Project managers and team members will render to work out a common business wrangle and set of common practices and procedures that will be adhered to during the planning, implementation, and completion of the project. This is oddly important when dealing with different legal systems and requirements of the countries involved in the project (Burke, 2001, p. 10).The Influence of Culture to the victory of a Project Global project managers must efficaciously deal with differences in language that could be barriers to communication and understanding. Cross-cultural differences can also pose challenges when cultural conventions are violated. This lack of attention to language and cultural will show up at any point in the life cycle from planning to the completion stage in the form of differences in quality standards adhered to by technical and knowledge experts as well as misunderstandings over goals and task requirements (Henri & Sousa-Poza, 2005).Differences in labor relations, governmental agency elaborateness must also be addressed when forming a project team and setting the project deadline (Freedman & Katz, 2007). A critical mistake a project manager can make in working with an international team is neglecting cultural variables than can pose a risk to planning and execution . For example, assigning a regretful project to a team composed of members from a risk-averse culture (e. g. Germany, Japan, and China) may result in unjustified time spent in the planning and risk assessment phase of the project life cycle, ever-changing processes, procedures, and performance aspects to mitigate against low probability risks that results the wasting of time and resources, and negative attitudes about the success of the project (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 2). In countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, and some African nations, the successful completion of time-intensive and time critical projects can be jeopardized by a culture that places an emphasis on being patient and bending to the will of fate. It is therefore vital to review such cultural characteristics in the context of a projects priorities, considering alternatives where appropriate (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 2). Who the stakeholders are in a global project are also important considerations. spot this i s often neglected in domestic projects, the negative repercussions pose a greater threat to global projects (Freedman & Katz, 2007). To mitigate against the negative risks associated with a global partnership, it is important to establish shared goals and objectives from the start.This is often a tricky process because of cultural differences between the countries involved. While all cultural differences cannot be eliminated, identifying and mutually acknowledging these differences can friend decrease misunderstandings and insults that could threatened the completion of the project (Freedman & Katz, 2007). Therefore, a project manager involved in any international partnership would take into consideration several factors that start with an assessment of the cultural determine of the verdant and organization from which some of the team members would be recruited.Questions that the project manager would ask include 1. How complex is the project? 2. How complex is the project infra structure? 3. What are the key risk areas of the project? 4. How time-critical is the project? 5. What are your long objectives? 6. Which cultural barriers will you have to address? (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 3) Once the team has been established, time should be taken to brighten and align the technical and knowledge competencies required by team members as well as the intentions and expectations from both the domestic and globally based team members for how the project will proceed.Since communication may be more difficult when working with a global partner, it is incumbent on the project manager to take the superfluous time to clarify and confirm information shared between project team members and key stakeholders in the project (Delone, 2005). This process will help the project manager identify and deal with differences in values that might threatened effective collaboration (Freedman & Katz, 2007). Project team attractionship can be influenced otherwise in domestic and glo bal project management. Approaches to leadership that work well in domestic projects may fail when working with culturally diverse team. For example, there is a hierarchy of communication between workers, supervisors, and leadership that are strictly adhered to in some countries (e. g. , India and Japan) that is not a part of the organisational culture in the U. S. Ignoring these cultural conventions could lead to project delay or even failure (Freedman & Katz, 2007). In addition, some cultures are highly authoritarian, group-oriented, and use indirect communication these cultural practices are different from U. S. practices that tend to be more egalitarian, individualist, and use direction communication.This can result in situations where project team members are confused about how to interact with others and how to approach project tasks, often leading to delay or project failure (Freedman & Katz, 2007). If problems or conflict does occur, a project manager who understands the cul tural differences at play, can work with team members to develop strategies that help adapting behaviors to accommodate differences in expectations about leadership, decision-making procedures, work styles, and rule/tactics of negotiation (Freedman & Katz, 2007).Some cultures expect their leaders to be more egalitarian than is common among US leaders (e. g. , Scandanavia, Israel, Australia, and New Zealand). When leaders are perceived as too autocratic, team members often will resent the leaders actions and terminate a leader they consider arrogant and overbearing. On the other hand, some cultures expect the leader to be more directive and autocratic (e. g. , most countries south of the US, Russia, China, India, Mid East, and Far Eastern countries) (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. ). When a leader is perceived to be too friendly or casual with subordinates, team members will react to the project manager with confusion and distrust (Freedman & Katz, 2007). It cannot be understated the imp ortance of project managers to accommodate their behaviors to the cultural and organizational expectations. It is entirely possible to behave in a way that will be viewed as bleached and ineffective in one culture and viewed as boorish and ineffective in another (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 4).Palvia and Vemuri (2002) tensity the key role that trust plays in the successful completion of a project. This is especially relevant to global project management were trust is built and strengthened by a project manager who recognizes the language, culture, local anaesthetic customs of the international partners and teams members in addition to knowledge about legal or regulatory requirements (Kliem, 2004). Project managers also must be prepared to work with leaders in other countries who are not familiar with working in cross-cultural teams and are unaware of how to interact in these situations.Project managers eloquent at influencing, negotiating, and adapting their behavior to different people and contexts (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 5) are best suited from global projects. These managers are able to build relationships and understand the important role that these relationship are to the success of a global project. These managers are able to tap into relationships formed with partner organizations to help resolve issues or expedite solutions.Project managers who have difficulty in the following areas would be poor choices for leading a global project (a) edifice relationships, (c) knowingly or unknowingly ignores or insults foreign team members, (d) have poor communication skills, (e) views foreigners as lazy, stupid, or unable/unwilling to adapt, (f) unwilling to adapt his/her own behaviors, (g) takes for granted the importance of coming to consensus on issues related to project tasks, times, and quality (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 6).On the other hand, Freedman and Katz (2007) outlined several behaviors of the uninformed higher-up working for a foreign company t hat could threaten the collaboration, functioning, and success of a project. These disruptive behaviors include ? Delegates completely, doesnt see any reason to get involved. ?They work for usyou make that clear to them ?Asks if the project manager is keeping bankers hours when he/she comes in later after being on the phone from 11-3 the wickedness before. ?Sees no reason to be selective (except technically) in placing people on an international project. Selects high risk/high collaboration projects for international work. ?Assumes the time required is the same for international and domestic projects. ?Is unwilling or unable to change leadership style to meet cultural expectations. (Freedman & Katz, 2007, p. 5) Another factor that is different from domestic projects is that members on a global project team often are geographically and sometimes organizationally dispersed (Orlikowski, 2002). It is not uncommon for these project members to meet in virtual teams using telecommunicatio ns and information technology (Eberlein, 2008, p. 9). Bell and Kozlowski (2002) point out that the use of virtual teams add an additional layer of complexity to any program. The lack of personal contact hinders team development and constrains performance management. At present, there have been a couple of(prenominal) efforts to include the culture variable in the theoretical frameworks (Gurung & Prater, 2006, p. 24). Conclusion Being the manager of a globally based project can be exciting and rewarding with the project manager has the knowledge and skills to deal with culturally diverse work situations.In order to increase leadership effectiveness and the management of risk, uncertainty, and complexity, the project manager must become familiar with the guidelines for the project process that is common in the country where the project will be completed. In addition, cultural awareness and the ability to engage members of the team in effective communication that considers and respect s cultural customs of the hosting country is critical to project success. Different countries respond differently to peers and those in positions of authority.A little homework about the culture and customs of the host country will serve the project manager well. References Bell, B. S. , & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams Implications for effective leadership. New York Cornell University, Faculty Publications Human imaging Studies Burke, R. (2001). Project management Planning and control techniques (3rd ed. ). New York John Wiley & Sons. DeLone, W. , Espinosa, J. A. , Lee, G. , & Carmel, E. (2005). Bridging global boundaries for IS project success.Proceedings of the thirty-eighth Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science, Big Island Hawaii, IEEE. Eberlein, M. (2008). Culture as a critical success factor for successful global project management in multi-national IT service projects. Journal of Information engineering science Management, 19(3), 27-42. Espinosa, J. A. , Cummings, J. N. , Wilson, J. M. , and Pearce, B. M. (2003). Team boundary issues across multiple global firms. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 157-190) Freedman, S. , & Katz, L. (2007). Critical success factors for international projects.PM World Today, 9(10), 1-8. Retrieved April 18, 2010 from http//www. pmworldtoday. net Gurung, A. , & Prater, E. (2006). A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on IT outsourcing. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9(1), 24-43. Henri, M. , & Sousa-Poza, A. (2005). Project management A cultural literary review. Project Management Journal, 36(1), 5-14. Kerzner, H. (2003). Project management A systems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling. New York John Wiley & Sons. Kliem, R. L. (2004).Managing the risks of offshore IT development projects. Information Systems Management Journal, Summer, 22-28. Orlikowski,, W. (2002). Knowing in practice Enacting a collective capabil ity in distributed organizing. memorial tablet Science, 13, 249-273. Palvia, S. C. , & Vemuri, V. K. (2002). Global e-commerce An examination of issues related to advertising and intermediation in Palvia, P. C. , Palvia, S. C. J. , & Roche, E. M. (eds. ) Global information technology and electronic commerce Issues for the new millennium. New York Ivey League Publishing.

A Separate Peace-John Knowles Essay

The raw A Separate Peace is a story almost two best friends, constituent and Phineas (Finny), who both(prenominal) attend the Devon inculcate in New Hampshire in 1942. Gene Forrester is an intellectual, confined, straight-laced seventeen year old, epoch Finny is an ath allowic free-spirit who isnt afraid to say what he thinks and is admired by everyone. The story is a flashback in which Gene recalls his disquietudes and insecurities during the midst of the Second World War at the Devon school.Out of jealousy and the fear that Finny is try to sabotage his studies, Gene shakes a guide branch that they were both standing on, and Finny falls forbidden of the steer and shatters his leg. It is at that point where their relationship changes into to a greater extent of a codependency which leads to them developing their bear individual identities by animate within their own illusion that World War II is a mere conspiracy. Finny dies suddenly during the exercise on his broken le g , besides Gene doesnt cry. He deals with the tragic news with a sort of tranquility because he believes that he is a part of Finny.Gene reflects on the constant malevolence which takes over the present youth, and he believes only Finny was immune to this plague. A Separate Peace is a newfangled that criticizes beau monde, ground on a romantic point of view of human nature. Firstly, Genes raptorial nature is existence nurtured by societies preoccupation with competition, inner-enemies, and power. Contrasting to Gene, Finny has a natural goodness about him that has not been corrupted by society. Lastly, the Devon school is a type of competition and competitiveness of the world, which has produced a devastating contend on a much bigger outperform.Gene Forrester is the narrator of the novel, telling the story as a flashback on his youthful days at Devon. He is the source of all the readers information, but is somewhat an unreliable source, regarding his insights into his ac tions and motivations. We implement that he has an aggressive nature about him which has been nurtured by societies preoccupation with competition, inner-enemies, and power. We primary meet him as an adult, therefore we immediately assume a sort of maturity and wisdom about him and his memories at Devon. The adult Gene is, in reality, still the kindred as the adolescent Gene in terms of fears and security.He strikes the Devon buildings as defensive then exhausted(3) which is a compensateation of himself as an adult. We see that nothing has changed over the years, not the school, and most importantly, not himself. After the accident, him and Finny lived in codependency. Finny lived through Gene. As the reader, we see that by Genes actions by equalizing them and becoming at the same level whitethorn m separate been deliberate, even though it seemed like an accident to everyone else. The fact that Gene shook the tree had stemmed from a deep personal desire to lose his identity, and himself in another.This is represented when he puts on Finnys dress and sees that he looks just like him. He feels strangely stayful. This symbolizes Genes own desire to bury himself and become Finny, for he is his own war yet in like manner his love. The accident causes his feeling of resentment and fear to be overcome by devotion to Finny. We see this inner-war develop as he continuously tries to sterilize peace and apologize to Finny, an only then can he forgive himself. The shaking of the tree stirred up up an unconscious impulse that sets the chain of events leading to Finnys death, making Gene the killer and untier of the one thing he loved.He is his own enemy, and the destroyer of himself, because he felt that he and Finny were the same person. That is why he didnt cry at the funeral, because he could not escape a feeling that it was his own funeral, and you do not cry in that case(186). We see here that he has a vogue to mix love and hate, which is practise as a habit by society. His action in the tree is also an instinct, which is based on a primitive invasion, defensiveness and rivalry which is the side of human nature that is being nurtured by society. Gene symbolizes the narrow, confined, sort of paranoid world that surrounds humanity.He always leans towards the rules that ar set. When Finny wants to go to the beach, Gene creates a scenario in his head that Finny is trying to sabotage his studies, and from there, descends into darkness. This fear of his is, in actuality, a defensive worry which finds a potential threat in everyone. This is shown when he says I was used to finding something deadly in things and if it wasnt there then I put it there myself. (92) He us unable to let up his defenses because he sees the enemy everywhere, but the enemy is himself.Society teaches the boys to develop a particular assemble of mind that creates an enemy wherever they see a potential threat. This defense mechanism only creates inner-enemies, and it is what corrupts the youth. On the opposite end of the spectrum, Finny has a natural goodness about him that has not been corrupted by society. Finnys character is seen through the eyes of Gene, therefore his perception of Finny is significant. He is able to talk his way out of any situation which, according to Gene, is rare among humans. He has a calm ignorance of the rules with a winning jolly along to be good(16).His hypnotic charisma shows just how different he is from the other characters by his piece of goodness and purity. He is so different because he operates outside the world of rules and authority, which he considers to be a necessary evil(11), which in terms means that the rules are made to be broken. He is the means of careless peace in humanity which is so rare. Yet, while he constantly tests the limits of authority, he neither seeks to be victorious, nor be defeated. This is represented in the game of Blitzball, where everyone furiously competes but no one wins, and this short demonstrates Finnys attitude towards life.Another example of this is when he broke the swimming record. He simply cherished to see if he could do it(35), and Gene calls him too good to be true(36), which shows how Gene and the other boys whitethorn view innocence and freedom. They are uncomfortable with people showing sincere emotions(40), and they see the enemy everywhere. Finny has a simple unregulated friendliness(15) which has to do with a more profound wisdom and goodness regarding other human beings. Just like he doesnt see life as winners and losers, he also thinks the best of people, and no one is an enemy in his eyes.His assumptions that the world is friendly make him unique. For example, Gene believes that society creates enemies where they do not exist, but Finnys inability to see others as evil or bitter is his strength and weakness. His blindness of Genes dark motives create dangerous situations in their codependent relationship, and he neer ima gines that Genes feelings for him are not as true as his feelings for Gene. He inspires Gene in loyalty but also jealousy by his charismatic personality. He assumes that everyone thinks like he does, therefore he acts with himself and Gene in mind, doing any(prenominal) he pleases.His care-free attitude is what triggers Genes resentment and Finny, sensitive of only himself, never picks up on Genes darkness. He was the essence of this careless peace(16), being the one who facilitates most of the boys fun throughout the school year. While they are all caught up with the war and striving for themselves to one-up each other, Finny creates a protective bubble around them to sort them from growing up. His tendency to have fun and be care-free is an indication that there is a streak of decency in human nature, but this basic innocence also makes him vulnerable to those unlike himself.The Devon school is a symbol of rivalry and competitiveness of the real world, which has produced a devas tating war. In the start-off of the novel when Gene is an adult, he revisits the school. He sees the contentious harmony(4) of the buildings, which is an oxymoron because it reflects the idea of rivalry. It tells us that the school buildings are perpendicular and straight-laced, and represent the world of order and rules. This harmony of the buildings is a trick of architecture. In reality, Devon represents a world of rivalry, competition and one-upmanship practiced by the students as a habit.The school is simply a symbol of the world on a much larger scale, where competition has produced a war. Seeing others as enemies is common in both the school and society. Everyone but Finny is pitted violently against something in the world around them(196). This something around them is Devon, being their chief(prenominal) trance to see everyone as a potential threat. The Devon school is a jungle of a boys school(45), where hostility and aggression on a smaller scale lead to war on a much larger scale. Their practiced rivalry is mentioned when Gene states that there were few relationships among them at Devon not based on rivalry(37).The seasons at the school also represent a change and transformation in the boys. The summer sitting at Devon is a quantify of freedom, where the teachers allow Finnys hypnotic personality to get away with whatever he pleases. The session symbolizes youth and innocence, which in turn comes to an end when Finny falls from the tree. This event marks the beginning of the winter session, where the atmosphere is sombre and dark, filled with discipline and work. It represents adulthood and war approaching them, and becomes a more predominant feature throughout the course of the novel.The transition from the summer to the winter session embodies societies shift from a care-free nature, to a darker, more mature one. We dont see Finny transition because he is unable to lawsuit adulthood and dies, thus never entering into the schools new mode of existence. As he reflects on his time at Devon, Gene explains that he was on active duty all the time at school he killed his enemy there(196). This suggests that everyone is battling an ongoing war with themselves, seeking an enemy force. The school is that a battleground on a smaller scale, but still has the same effect.Finnys innocence caused him to oversee these notions of war and enmity, which lead to his death. In the other case, Gene had an ongoing war with himself, and/or Finny. In either case, it demonstrates Finnys inability to cope with betrayal. He is the lone character in the novel that doesnt undergo the schools strong influence on the boys, that prepare them for the war they have to fight after graduation. The role society plays on the school and the boys is their main influence for their actions. The novel criticizes society based on a romantic view of human nature, and this nature has been explored in many ways.Genes inner savage and aggressiveness had been nurtur ed by societies preoccupation with competition, territory and power. Finnys natural goodness has not been corrupted by society, but his innocence caused him to blur admiration with jealousy lead to his death. Finally, the Devon school is the main symbol or rivalry in the novel, which represents the war on a much smaller scale than the war in reality. The natural paranoia of the human race leads one to seek an enemy wherever they may see a potential threat, and this leads to destruction and inner-enemies in the end.